Thin–layer Chromatography (TLC)

Category: Analysis

Thin–layer chromatography (TLC) is a widely used technique for the separation and identification of drugs. It is equally applicable to drugs in their pure...

Mass Spectrometry

Category: Analysis

A mass spectrometer works by generating charged molecules or molecular fragments either in a high vacuum or immediately before the sample enters the...

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Category: Analysis

Since its first observation in bulk phases in 1945, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, has become one of the foremost methods for molecular...

Raman Spectroscopy

Category: Analysis

Vibrational spectroscopy has been an integral tool for the identification and characterisation of drugs. When one thinks of vibrational spectroscopy, typically...

Near–infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy

Category: Analysis

The near–infrared (NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum extends from about 780 to 2500 nm (or 12800 to 4000 cm–1). It is therefore the part of the...

Infra–red Spectroscopy

Category: Analysis

Infra–red (IR) spectroscopy is the study of the scattering, reflection, absorption or transmission of IR radiation in the spectral range 800 nm to...

Spectrophotometry

Category: Analysis

Analytical absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum has been widely used in pharmaceutical and...

Immunoassays

Category: Analysis

Immunoassays have a firm place among routine methods for the analysis of drugs in biological fluids and other matrices. The technique may be used by the...

Colour tests

Category: Analysis

For some substances, the colour reaction with a particular chemical reagent may be quite specific, but it is much more common for the colour to be produced by...

Colour tests methods

Category: Analysis

Amalic acid test (test for xanthines) Method Add to the sample a few drops of 10 M hydrochloric acid followed by a few crystals of potassium chlorate, and...

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